Dual Agency

Update as of June 15, 2018, there will be “almost” be a ban on limited dual agency. An individual licensee won’t be able to represent more than one party in a transaction in most cases. This applies to sales, leases, assignments, as well as when there are two or more buyers. Designated agencies will still be allowed but not a dual agency is sort of banned an agent can still double end a sale but not represent both parties.

All parties will have to receive a DORTS prior to any agent giving out any advice;

Dual Agency? Limited Dual Agency? Designated Agency? What is this all about? I thought you were my agent?

New for 2012 is a Designated agency that will be implemented in BC by July 2012.

Designated Agency became the industry standard in British Columbia on June 1, 2012. Why? Since the introduction of Limited Dual Agency, REALTORS® in the same brokerage have acted as if they were the sole agent for the seller or buyer rather than the limited dual agent of both. While inconsistent with limited dual agency, the practise was widely accepted by both the profession and the public…leading to an industry decision to align BCREA standard forms with actual practice. The essence of the resulting system of “designated agency” is that the brokerage has contractual duties to the buyer or seller who has engaged it and agency duties are provided by the REALTOR® appointed by the brokerage as the “Designated Agent” for that client.

First, what is Dual Agency? Let’s take an in-depth look.

Acting for both Competing Clients

It is always a fundamental premise of both agency law and professional ethics that all professionals must avoid acting for two clients whose interests are in conflict.  A real estate professional’s role is to provide impartial expert advice.   It is difficult to give impartial advice to one client if another client is likely to be adversely affected.   If a professional is placed in a position of conflict between the interests of two clients, they should resolve the matter by declining to act for one, or in extreme cases, both of the clients.

Real estate brokers are particularly susceptible to this type of conflict because of the peculiar nature of the listing and selling process involved in most real estate transactions.  A prospective purchaser of a property will often look to a real estate agent for expert advice and may request disclosure of information about a property that an agent, as a representative of the seller, is not in a position to disclose.  For example, some information relating to a selling price is considered confidential.   A purchaser of a property may be keenly interested to know a seller’s financial status and any details which might reveal the lowest price at which a seller would be willing to sell.  Such details would undoubtedly be disclosed to the seller’s real estate agent in confidence and could not be disclosed to the purchaser without first obtaining the client’s consent.

Agency Laws

Prior to 1994, in British Columbia, real estate agents worked as sub-agents of the seller.  This agreement was called “Assumed Seller Sub-agency” and made it confusing for the typical buyer.  The buyers thought the buying agent helping them was working for them, but in fact, the agent was working for the seller.  In 1994 British Columbia changed the agreement to “Assumed Buyer Agency.”  Now, if the real estate agent is working with the buyer, it is assumed s/he is working for the buyer only (this is why we have Exclusive Buyer Agency agreements). This is the case unless the agent has consent from both the buyer and seller to work for both parties.

When the British Columbia real estate industry adopted Assumed Buyer Agency, the industry foresaw situations where the listing agent might also represent the buyer.

One example is when two different agents in the same brokerage work with the seller and buyer respectively.  In law, the seller lists (contracts) with the real estate brokerage, not with an individual real estate agent.  In a large office, one agent may have signed up the listing while another agent in the same office has been working with a buyer who wishes to present an offer.  Although both agents work for the listing brokerage, the agent working with the buyer is presumed, under Assumed Buyer Agency, to represent the purchaser.  However, the brokerage is clearly in conflict.

Another example is when the listing agent also brings a buyer to the transaction (a “double-ender”).  Typically, agents split the sales commission between the listing and selling ends of the transaction.  The listing agent gets paid for his/her work involved in listing the property.  The selling agent gets paid for his/her work in introducing the buyer to the property.  When the listing agent is the same agent who brings the buyer to the transaction, s/he receives all the commission.  On the face of it, a double ender is a clear conflict because the listing agent representing the seller is also assumed to act for the buyer.

To make the arrangement workable, the listing brokerage needs the seller and buyer to permit the brokerage to modify its relationship with both clients.  For example, rather than requiring the brokerage to fully disclose all matters to both sides, the seller and the buyer may allow the brokerage to limit its responsibilities in this area.  In these cases, the listing brokerage will intentionally ask the seller and the buyer for permission to represent both on a limited basis. Note You do not have to enter into a Limited Dual Agency Agreement.

The brokerage uses a form of a written agreement called a Limited Dual Agency Agreement.  Under this form of agreement, the seller and the buyer agree that the brokerage shall represent both of them. Although the brokerage and its agent(s) are still required to deal impartially with both clients, the duty of full disclosure is modified to allow the agent to keep the information confidential from one side against the other in three areas:

The price a client is willing to accept or pay
The motivation of either client
Either client’s personal information

Agents must still disclose all known defects of the property to a buyer.

To address the obvious conflicts that would arise when an agent acted for two clients with opposite interests in the same transaction, the system of the limited dual agency was also established. Under the initial system of limited dual agency, the seller and the buyer agreed to have the brokerage continue to act as the agent of both parties with certain limitations. As the brokerage’s duty of undivided loyalty, confidentiality and disclosure could not be simultaneously fulfilled for each client, the buyer, the seller and the brokerage agreed that the brokerage’s agency duties of loyalty, confidentiality and disclosure would be limited. The limitations required the brokerage and the licensees involved in the transaction to treat the buyer and the seller impartially and to disclose all material information to both the buyer and the seller except information related to price and motivation and personal information.

The initial limited dual agency system did not differentiate between a single licensee representing both parties and two licensees engaged by the same brokerage each representing the buyer and the seller. As the brokerage was obliged to treat both parties impartially so were all of the licensees engaged by the brokerage.

Over the years it became apparent that where a brokerage had agreed to act as the limited dual agent of a seller and a buyer in the same transaction through two separate licensees engaged by the brokerage those licensees were acting as if they were the sole agents for the seller and the buyer respectively rather than as the limited dual agents of both of them (which would require each licensee to treat both the buyer and the seller impartially and disclose to both of them all material information, except information related to price and motivation and personal information). While the practice of two licensees in the same brokerage acting as if they were the sole agents for a buyer or a seller in the same transaction was inconsistent with the system of limited dual agency initially set out in the standard form documents it was widely accepted by both the profession and the public. If buyers and sellers expect and want sole agency representation from their licensee even where the licensee on the other side of the transaction is also engaged by the same brokerage then the system should be revised to reflect that reality.

The essence of the proposed new system, referred to as designated agency, is that the brokerage assumes contractual but not agency duties to the buyer or the seller who has engaged it. The brokerage contractually agrees to appoint one of its licensees to be the “Designated Agent” for that client and agrees to appoint other licensees to be the designated agents of all other buyers and sellers who also have or will engage the brokerage. The licensees who are appointed to be the Designated Agents of the individual buyers or sellers will treat them as their sole clients and the Designated Agents rather than the brokerage will provide them with the agency duties of loyalty, confidentiality and disclosure (unless otherwise modified). Under this new system the brokerage’s licensees, other the Designated Agent, will not owe any agency duties to the buyer or seller represented by the Designated Agent and will not be obligated to treat those clients impartially when acting for another client involved in the transaction. Where a Designated Agent is also the designated agent of another party to the transaction the current system of limited dual agency remains in place.

It should be noted that the system of a designated agency is merely a modification of the system of the limited dual agency. It does not affect the system of assumed buyer agency and only impacts transactions where the brokerage and its licensees act for more than one party to the transaction. It is designed to reflect the current commercial practice being followed by brokerages, licensees and the public and little or no change in the day-to-day practice of licensees is expected.

Update February 1st 2013 The following is from BCREA;

Number 459, January 2013

LIMITED DUAL AGENCY AND INDEPENDENT ADVICE

Judicial consideration of the practice of limited dual agency continues to evolve. A recent court decision1 considered whether a REALTOR® had a duty to refer their client for independent legal advice before the client entered into a Limited Dual Agency Agreement.

The plaintiff was a retired labourer with an elementary school education who, together with his wife, sought to relocate to the Okanagan. He became interested in a property and viewed it with the listing REALTOR®. He decided upon the amount he was prepared to offer for the property and the REALTOR® assisted him in the preparation of a formal offer.

The REALTOR® also had the plaintiff enter into a Limited Dual Agency Agreement. The offer and the Limited Dual Agency Agreement were then delivered to the seller. The offer was accepted and the transaction was completed. Sometime after completion the plaintiff became dissatisfied with a number of things about the property and sued the seller for misrepresentation and the REALTOR® for both misrepresentation and breach of fiduciary duty. The plaintiff was partially successful against the seller with respect to the claims of misrepresentation but unsuccessful against the REALTOR®.

The plaintiff first claimed that the REALTOR® was negligent in not confirming certain representations made by the seller. The court concluded that the duty of the REALTOR® was to check the completeness and accuracy of information which is usual and customary for REALTORS® to verify and all other information of which the REALTOR® is in doubt. The plaintiff did not adduce any expert evidence as to what information was usual or customary for a REALTOR® to verify. Absent any expert evidence the court was not prepared to conclude that it was customary or usual for a REALTOR® to inquire into or check the electrical system in a house or outbuilding nor was it customary or usual to examine the surrounding property.

With respect to the claim that the REALTOR® breached the fiduciary duties owed to the buyer the plaintiff claimed that, because the buyer may not have understood the nature of the Limited Dual Agency Agreement, the REALTOR® was obliged to afford the plaintiff the opportunity of getting independent legal advice before entering into it, that the REALTOR® failed to meet the obligations under the CREA REALTOR® Code and finally that the REALTOR® preferred the interests of the seller over the buyer. The court dismissed each claim.

The plaintiff argued that the requirement in the REALTOR® Code for a REALTOR® to “encourage parties to seek the advice of outside professionals where such advice is beyond the expertise of the [REALTOR®]” obligated the REALTOR® to refer the plaintiff for independent legal advice before the plaintiff entered into the Limited Dual Agency Agreement. The court did not agree. While concluding that there may be circumstances where such a referral was warranted, this was not one of them.

Having found that the REALTOR® had explained the document to the plaintiff, that the plaintiff had bought other houses before and had sold their previous property through limited dual agency and that there was no evidence to suggest that the plaintiff was incapable of understanding the document, the court concluded that the REALTOR® did not have an obligation to refer his client for independent legal advice. The plaintiff also tried to argue, with no success, that the fiduciary duties of the REALTOR® were not affected by the terms of the Limited Dual Agency Agreement.

Once again a BC court has recognized that “limited dual agency agreements are not uncommon in this province.” In this case, the court confirmed that, except in extraordinary circumstances, a REALTOR® is not obligated to refer his client (even a client with limited education) for independent legal advice before entering into a Limited Dual Agency Agreement where the document has been explained to the client and there is no evidence to suggest that the client was incapable of understanding it.

Brian Taylor
Bull Housser LLP

Paniccia v. Eckert 2012 BCSC 1428.

“Copyright British Columbia Real Estate Association. Reprinted with permission.” BCREA makes no guarantees as to the accuracy or completeness of this information.

Cheers,

Scott & June Simmons
The Salt Spring Team

4 thoughts on “Dual Agency”

  1. I have just finished selling our house in a ‘limited dual agency’ set up. In this case the realtor ‘represented’ both the buyer and the seller ( me). It was NOT a comfortable situation. Upon questioning the way this set up would work, when the agent approached us about it, I asked if this meant we did not get, “full representation”. “Oh no”, the realtor lied, “you get full representation”.
    Throughout, we have been pressured to accommodate the buyer, even to the possession day. Our contract said a specific date and time for possession. The realtor tried to pressure us to let them come in sooner. I told her that the contract said 4:00, and that any sooner was very difficult for us because I would be at work until then. He said that “technically, the house was already the buyers”. Really? The CONTRACT said, Possession: May 31, 4:00pm. Hmmm.
    I called a law office. Yup. I was being lied to about the freaking contract. I hope this is my last experience with one. Four times, we have bought and sold. Every time, the realtor has not acted ethically, or professionally.
    NOT ACCEPTABLE. I hope this is the last time I ever have to be involved with one.

    1. When the rules get changed, probably later this year, there will be no more dual agency. I for one thing this is going to be very good for the consumers. Cheers Scott.

  2. Hi Scott, thanks for a well written and well explained piece on representation. I have just sold my parent’s home (in BC). Buyers had a deadline for submitting offers after which all the offers were to be presented. There were multiple offers and one offer was from a buyer my selling agent brought. If we sold to our agent’s buyer, our agent would rebate us $2,000 commission plus we would save $100 on GST. This was NOT a limited dual agency situation. I have been researching what our selling agent is allowed under BC regulations to divulge info to buyers he brought. Just before presentation of offers, my agent went to his buyer and his buyer amended his offer moving his offer from middle of the pack to first place position. Interestingly, the amended offer did not offer the highest price. The first place position was attained only when the commission rebate and GST savings were added back in. After our expenses (commission and GST), the offer from the buyer our agent brought was less than $200 more than the second best offer. It seems a pretty slim advantage.

    My question is, and this is my suspicion, was our agent allowed to use information he had about the other offers to coach his buyer as to what price to offer? At the presentation the top three offers were less than $1,000 apart after deducting our selling commission and GST. For round 2 the buyers with the top three offers were asked to improved their bids. Our agent’s buyer got to the top of the pile once more, offering a lower price but coming out on top after adding back in commission rebate and GST savings. Our agent’s buyer had an offer that was about $1,000 more than the next best offer after commission and GST. This was on offer prices just under $0.75 million. All top offers were unconditional by the way.

    My understanding of the regulations is that our agent was to not divulge details in the other offers to the buyer he brought. While our agent may not have revealed details in other bids, it sure seems he had details from competing bids in mind when he advised his buyer on what price to offer.

    In the end we sold to another buyer but not before our agent scuttled the sale to this other buyer to get us to sell to his buyer. That is a whole other story.

    Scott, in BC is it ethical for a selling agent who brings his own buyer to use information from competing bids to coach his buyer to make an offer that is the best offer by just a tiny difference?

    1. No it is not ethical for the selling agent to use the information from the competing bids and coach his buyers. This is one of the reasons Limited Dual agency will be outlawed in the near future in BC. Thanks for the comment. Cheers Scott

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